FEN Educational ResourcesFEN Grammatik
C1

Extended participial attributes

Learn to read and build the long participle phrases that German packs between an article and its noun, a hallmark of newspapers, academic texts and official writing.

Formal style · Advanced · 30 min · 40 exercises · Goethe C1, College

English says “the reform passed by parliament yesterday”: the extra information comes after the noun. Written German does the opposite and squeezes everything between the article and the noun: die gestern vom Parlament beschlossene Reform. This construction is called a participial attribute (das Partizipialattribut). It replaces a relative clause, and once you know how to unpack it, long press sentences stop being frightening.

Partizip I: active and happening at the same time

The Partizip I is the infinitive + d: spielen, spielend; steigen, steigend; sich verändern, sich verändernd. Used before a noun, it takes a normal adjective ending: das spielende Kind, mit steigenden Preisen. Its meaning is active (the noun itself does the action) and simultaneous with the main verb: das spielende Kind = das Kind, das spielt (or spielte, if the main verb is in the past). A reflexive verb keeps sich: die sich verändernde Gesellschaft.

Partizip II: passive, or completed

With a transitive verb, the Partizip II has a passive meaning, and the action is usually completed: das reparierte Auto = das Auto, das repariert wurde. With an intransitive verb that takes sein and expresses a change of place or state, the meaning is active and completed: der angekommene Zug = der Zug, der angekommen ist; die gestiegenen Preise = die Preise, die gestiegen sind. Like every adjective before a noun, the Partizip II takes an adjective ending.

Partizip I or Partizip II?
Is the noun doing the action right now?
yes
Partizip I + endingdie steigenden Preise
no
Is the verb transitive (the noun receives the action)?
yes
Partizip II: passivedie beschlossene Reform
no
Partizip II of a sein-verb: completedder angekommene Zug

Which participle, which meaning?

AttributeRelative clauseMeaning
das spielende Kinddas Kind, das spieltPartizip I: active, in progress
die steigenden Preisedie Preise, die steigenPartizip I: active, in progress
die sich verändernde Gesellschaftdie Gesellschaft, die sich verändertPartizip I of a reflexive verb, sich stays
das reparierte Autodas Auto, das repariert wurdePartizip II, transitive verb: passive
die beschlossene Reformdie Reform, die beschlossen wurdePartizip II, transitive verb: passive
der angekommene Zugder Zug, der angekommen istPartizip II, sein-verb: active, completed
die gestiegenen Preisedie Preise, die gestiegen sindPartizip II, sein-verb: active, completed

The extended attribute: article + extensions + participle + noun

Everything that belonged to the verb in the relative clause (time, place, agent, objects) moves in front of the participle, in the same order as in the relative clause. The participle stands directly before the noun and carries the adjective ending: der seit Jahren in Berlin lebende Autor (der Autor, der seit Jahren in Berlin lebt); die gestern vom Parlament beschlossene Reform (die Reform, die gestern vom Parlament beschlossen wurde). To convert a relative clause: drop the relative pronoun and the auxiliary, turn the verb into a participle, add the ending, and place the whole block between article and noun.

The structure of an extended attribute
the article opens
article: die1
time: gestern2
agent: vom Parlament3
participle + ending: beschlossene4
noun: Reform5
the noun closes

From relative clause to participial attribute

Relative clauseParticipial attribute
die Studie, die im Mai veröffentlicht wurdedie im Mai veröffentlichte Studie
ein Problem, das ständig wächstein ständig wachsendes Problem
die Gäste, die aus Wien angereist sinddie aus Wien angereisten Gäste
der Zug, der gerade in den Bahnhof einfährtder gerade in den Bahnhof einfahrende Zug
Maßnahmen, die von der Regierung geplant werdenvon der Regierung geplante Maßnahmen
mit einem Verfahren, das in Zürich entwickelt wurdemit einem in Zürich entwickelten Verfahren

Examples from the press and academic writing

  • Der seit Jahren in Berlin lebende Autor hat einen neuen Roman veröffentlicht.The author, who has been living in Berlin for years, has published a new novel.Partizip I: he is living there now
  • Die gestern vom Parlament beschlossene Reform tritt im Januar in Kraft.The reform passed by parliament yesterday comes into force in January.Partizip II: passive, the agent is introduced by von
  • Die Forscher werteten die über zehn Jahre hinweg gesammelten Daten aus.The researchers analyzed the data collected over ten years.accusative plural after die: ending -en
  • Die Zahl der an der Studie teilnehmenden Personen ist zu gering.The number of people taking part in the study is too small.genitive plural: der ... teilnehmenden Personen
  • Die vor einer Stunde in Zürich gelandete Maschine hatte Verspätung.The plane that landed in Zurich an hour ago was delayed.landen takes sein: active and completed

How to read an extended attribute

Step 1: spot the signal. An article (or possessive) is followed not by an adjective or a noun but by a preposition, an adverb or another article: die gestern vom ..., der seit ... Step 2: jump forward to the noun that agrees with that article; the word just before it is the participle. Step 3: read article + noun first (die ... Reform), then unpack the middle as a relative clause (die gestern vom Parlament beschlossen wurde). With this method even three-line sentences fall into place.

Tip

Register matters. Extended attributes belong to written German: newspapers, academic papers, legal and administrative texts. In conversation, Germans use a relative clause instead. In a Goethe C1 essay, one or two well-built attributes show mastery; a chain of them makes the text heavy. Useful contrast to memorize: die steigenden Preise (they are rising now) versus die gestiegenen Preise (they have already risen).

Watch out

Three typical mistakes. (1) Forgetting the adjective ending: not die im Mai veröffentlicht Studie but die im Mai veröffentlichte Studie. (2) Using the Partizip II of a verb that takes haben and has no object: there is no passive, so die gearbeitete Ingenieurin or das geschlafene Kind are impossible. Use the Partizip I (das schlafende Kind) or a relative clause. Sein-verbs work only when they express a completed change: der eingeschlafene Fahrgast, die abgereisten Gäste. (3) Putting the extensions after the noun as in English: they must stand before the participle.

The exercises of this lesson

40 corrected exercises in three sessions (discovery, practice, challenge): multiple choice (5), fill in the gap (11), find the mistake (5), word order (1), rewrite (5), translation (6), gap text (3), matching (2), sorting (2). Every answer is corrected immediately, with the rule that applies.

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